Electrical and Technology

 Network Theorem (D.C. Circuits) The applicability of these theorems in different types of d.c. networks (with independent sources as well as with controlled sources). A thorough understanding of each theorem is important because analyzing electrical and electronic circuits needs these theorems very much. Thevenin's theorem This theorem is possibly the most extensively used network theorem. It is applicable where it is desired to determine the current through or voltage across any one element in a network without going through the rigorous method of solving a set of network equations. Statement of Thevenin's Theorem:-   Any two terminal bilateral linear d.c. the circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source and a series resistor. Thevenin's Theorem Equivalent Resistance and Voltage Equivalent Circuit Norton's theorem Norton theorem is converse of Thevenin's theorem. It consists of an equivalent voltage source as done in Thevenin'

Programmable Logic Controller A  programmable logic controller  (PLC) or programmable controller is a solid-state/ computerized industrial computer that performs discrete or sequential logic in a factory environment. It was originally developed to replace mechanical relays, timers, counters. PLCs are used successfully to execute complicated control operations in a plant. Its purpose is to monitor crucial process parameters and adjust process operations accordingly. A sequence of instructions is programmed by the user to the PLC memory and when the program is executed, the controller operates a system to the correct operating specifications. The first PLC system evolved from conventional computers in the late 60s and 70s. These first PLCs were installed primarily in automotive plants. Traditionally the auto plant had to be shut down for up to a month at model change over time. the early PLCs were used with other new automation techniques to shorten the changeover time.  The PLC pr

Atomic and Nuclear Physics Atomic physics  is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of  electrons and an atomic nucleus . It is primarily concerned with the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus and the processes by which these arrangements change. This includes ions as well as neutral atoms and, unless otherwise stated, for the purposes of this discussion it should be assumed that the term atom includes ions. Atomic physics also helps to understand the physics of molecules, but there is also molecular physics, which describes the physical properties of molecules. Nuclear physics  is the field of physics that studies the constituents(protons and neutrons) and interactions of atomic nuclei. The most commonly known applications of nuclear physics are nuclear power generation, but modern nuclear physics contains also particle physics, which is taught in close association with nuclear physics. The nuclear physics has provided application in many fields, inclu